Table of Contents

JWK Generation with a Micronaut Command Line Application

Learn how to generate a JSON Web Key (JWK) with a Micronaut CLI (Command Line interface) application

Authors: Sergio del Amo

Micronaut Version: 4.6.3

1. Getting Started

In this guide, we will create a Micronaut application written in Java.

2. What you will need

To complete this guide, you will need the following:

3. Solution

We recommend that you follow the instructions in the next sections and create the application step by step. However, you can go right to the completed example.

4. Writing the App

Create an application using the Micronaut Command Line Interface or with Micronaut Launch.

mn create-cli-app  example.micronaut.micronautguide --build=gradle --lang=java
If you don’t specify the --build argument, Gradle with the Kotlin DSL is used as the build tool.
If you don’t specify the --lang argument, Java is used as the language.
If you don’t specify the --test argument, JUnit is used for Java and Kotlin, and Spock is used for Groovy.

The previous command creates a Micronaut application with the default package example.micronaut in a directory named micronautguide.

Setup IntelliJ IDEA to develop Micronaut Applications.

5. Code

5.1. JSON Web Key Generation

Create an interface to encapsulate the contract to generate a JWK (JSON Web Key)

src/main/java/example/micronaut/JsonWebKeyGenerator.java
package example.micronaut;

import io.micronaut.core.annotation.NonNull;
import io.micronaut.core.annotation.Nullable;

import java.util.Optional;

/**
 * <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7517">JSON Web Key</a>
 */
public interface JsonWebKeyGenerator {

    @NonNull
    Optional<String> generateJsonWebKey(@Nullable String kid);
}

To generate a JWK, use Nimbus JOSE + JWT, an open source Java library to generate JSON Web Tokens (JWT).

Add the following dependency:

build.gradle
implementation("com.nimbusds:nimbus-jose-jwt:9.40")

Create an implementation of JsonWebKeyGenerator

src/main/java/example/micronaut/RS256JsonWebKeyGenerator.java
package example.micronaut;

import com.nimbusds.jose.JOSEException;
import com.nimbusds.jose.jwk.gen.RSAKeyGenerator;
import io.micronaut.core.annotation.NonNull;
import io.micronaut.core.annotation.Nullable;
import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.UUID;

import static com.nimbusds.jose.JWSAlgorithm.RS256;
import static com.nimbusds.jose.jwk.KeyUse.SIGNATURE;

@Singleton (1)
public class RS256JsonWebKeyGenerator implements JsonWebKeyGenerator {

    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RS256JsonWebKeyGenerator.class);

    @Override
    @NonNull
    public Optional<String> generateJsonWebKey(@Nullable String kid) {
        try {
            return Optional.of(new RSAKeyGenerator(2048)
                    .algorithm(RS256)
                    .keyUse(SIGNATURE) // indicate the intended use of the key
                    .keyID(kid != null ? kid : generateKid()) // give the key a unique ID
                    .generate()
                    .toJSONString());
        } catch (JOSEException e) {
            LOG.warn("unable to generate RS256 key", e);
            return Optional.empty();
        }
    }

    private String generateKid() {
        return UUID.randomUUID().toString().replaceAll("-", "");
    }
}
1 Use jakarta.inject.Singleton to designate a class as a singleton.

5.2. CLI Command

Micronaut CLI applications use Picocli.

Replace the contents of MicronautguideCommand:

src/main/java/example/micronaut/MicronautguideCommand.java
package example.micronaut;

import io.micronaut.configuration.picocli.PicocliRunner;
import jakarta.inject.Inject;
import picocli.CommandLine.Command;
import picocli.CommandLine.Option;

@Command(name = "keysgen",
         description = "Generates a Json Web Key (JWT) with RS256 algorithm.",
         mixinStandardHelpOptions = true)  (1)
public class MicronautguideCommand implements Runnable {

    @Option(names = {"-kid"}, (2)
            required = false,
            description = "Key ID. Parameter is used to match a specific key. If not specified a random Key ID is generated.")
    private String kid;

    @Inject
    public JsonWebKeyGenerator jsonWebKeyGenerator; (3)

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        PicocliRunner.run(MicronautguideCommand.class, args);
    }

    public void run() {
        jsonWebKeyGenerator.generateJsonWebKey(kid).ifPresent(this::printlnJsonWebKey);
    }

    private void printlnJsonWebKey(String jwk) {
        System.out.println("JWK: " + jwk);
    }
}
1 Annotate with @Command and provide the command description.
2 Create an optional Picocli Option for the key identifier.
3 You can use dependency injection in your CLI application.

Replace the contents of MicronautguideCommandTest:

src/test/java/example/micronaut/MicronautguideCommandTest.java
package example.micronaut;

import com.nimbusds.jose.jwk.JWK;
import io.micronaut.configuration.picocli.PicocliRunner;
import io.micronaut.context.ApplicationContext;
import io.micronaut.context.env.Environment;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintStream;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertDoesNotThrow;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;

class MicronautguideCommandTest {

    @Test
    void testGenerateJwk() {
        final String jwkJsonRepresentation = executeCommand(MicronautguideCommand.class, new String[]{});
        assertNotNull(jwkJsonRepresentation);

        String prefix = "JWK: ";
        assertNotEquals(jwkJsonRepresentation.indexOf(prefix), -1);
        assertDoesNotThrow(() ->
                JWK.parse(jwkJsonRepresentation.substring(jwkJsonRepresentation.indexOf(prefix) + prefix.length()))
        );
    }

    private String executeCommand(Class commandClass, String[] args) { (1)
        OutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        System.setOut(new PrintStream(baos));
        try (ApplicationContext ctx = ApplicationContext.run(Environment.CLI, Environment.TEST)) {
            PicocliRunner.run(commandClass, ctx, args);
        }
        return baos.toString();
    }
}
1 Annotate the class with @MicronautTest so the Micronaut framework will initialize the application context and the embedded server. More info.

6. Testing the Application

To run the tests:

./gradlew test

Then open build/reports/tests/test/index.html in a browser to see the results.

7. Running the CLI App

Create an executable jar including all dependencies:

./gradlew shadowJar

Execute the CLI with the help argument.

java -jar build/libs/micronautguide-0.1-all.jar --help
12:16:33.257 [main] INFO  i.m.context.env.DefaultEnvironment - Established active environments: [cli]
Usage: keysgen [-hV] [-kid=<kid>]
Generates a Json Web Key (JWT) with RS256 algorithm.
  -h, --help       Show this help message and exit.
      -kid=<kid>   Key ID. Parameter is used to match a specific key. If not
                     specified a random Key ID is generated.
  -V, --version    Print version information and exit.

8. Generate a Micronaut Application Native Executable with GraalVM

We will use GraalVM, the polyglot embeddable virtual machine, to generate a native executable of our Micronaut application.

Compiling native executables ahead of time with GraalVM improves startup time and reduces the memory footprint of JVM-based applications.

Only Java and Kotlin projects support using GraalVM’s native-image tool. Groovy relies heavily on reflection, which is only partially supported by GraalVM.

8.1. GraalVM installation

The easiest way to install GraalVM on Linux or Mac is to use SDKMan.io.

Java 21
sdk install java 21.0.5-graal
Java 21
sdk use java 21.0.5-graal

For installation on Windows, or for manual installation on Linux or Mac, see the GraalVM Getting Started documentation.

The previous command installs Oracle GraalVM, which is free to use in production and free to redistribute, at no cost, under the GraalVM Free Terms and Conditions.

Alternatively, you can use the GraalVM Community Edition:

Java 21
sdk install java 21.0.2-graalce
Java 21
sdk use java 21.0.2-graalce

8.2. Native executable generation

To generate a native executable using Gradle, run:

./gradlew nativeCompile

The native executable is created in build/native/nativeCompile directory and can be run with build/native/nativeCompile/micronautguide.

It is possible to customize the name of the native executable or pass additional parameters to GraalVM:

build.gradle
graalvmNative {
    binaries {
        main {
            imageName.set('mn-graalvm-application') (1)
            buildArgs.add('--verbose') (2)
        }
    }
}
1 The native executable name will now be mn-graalvm-application
2 It is possible to pass extra arguments to build the native executable

9. Next steps

Read Picocli documentation.

Explore more features with Micronaut Guides.

10. Help with the Micronaut Framework

The Micronaut Foundation sponsored the creation of this Guide. A variety of consulting and support services are available.

11. License

All guides are released with an Apache license 2.0 license for the code and a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license for the writing and media (images…​).