mn create-cli-app example.micronaut.micronautguide --build=maven --lang=java
JWK Generation with a Micronaut Command Line Application
Learn how to generate a JSON Web Key (JWK) with a Micronaut CLI (Command Line interface) application
Authors: Sergio del Amo
Micronaut Version: 4.6.3
1. Getting Started
In this guide, we will create a Micronaut application written in Java.
2. What you will need
To complete this guide, you will need the following:
-
Some time on your hands
-
A decent text editor or IDE (e.g. IntelliJ IDEA)
-
JDK 21 or greater installed with
JAVA_HOME
configured appropriately
3. Solution
We recommend that you follow the instructions in the next sections and create the application step by step. However, you can go right to the completed example.
-
Download and unzip the source
4. Writing the App
Create an application using the Micronaut Command Line Interface or with Micronaut Launch.
If you don’t specify the --build argument, Gradle with the Kotlin DSL is used as the build tool. If you don’t specify the --lang argument, Java is used as the language.If you don’t specify the --test argument, JUnit is used for Java and Kotlin, and Spock is used for Groovy.
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The previous command creates a Micronaut application with the default package example.micronaut
in a directory named micronautguide
.
5. Code
5.1. JSON Web Key Generation
Create an interface to encapsulate the contract to generate a JWK (JSON Web Key)
package example.micronaut;
import io.micronaut.core.annotation.NonNull;
import io.micronaut.core.annotation.Nullable;
import java.util.Optional;
/**
* <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7517">JSON Web Key</a>
*/
public interface JsonWebKeyGenerator {
@NonNull
Optional<String> generateJsonWebKey(@Nullable String kid);
}
To generate a JWK, use Nimbus JOSE + JWT, an open source Java library to generate JSON Web Tokens (JWT).
Add the following dependency:
<dependency>
<groupId>com.nimbusds</groupId>
<artifactId>nimbus-jose-jwt</artifactId>
<version>9.40</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
Create an implementation of JsonWebKeyGenerator
package example.micronaut;
import com.nimbusds.jose.JOSEException;
import com.nimbusds.jose.jwk.gen.RSAKeyGenerator;
import io.micronaut.core.annotation.NonNull;
import io.micronaut.core.annotation.Nullable;
import jakarta.inject.Singleton;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.UUID;
import static com.nimbusds.jose.JWSAlgorithm.RS256;
import static com.nimbusds.jose.jwk.KeyUse.SIGNATURE;
@Singleton (1)
public class RS256JsonWebKeyGenerator implements JsonWebKeyGenerator {
private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RS256JsonWebKeyGenerator.class);
@Override
@NonNull
public Optional<String> generateJsonWebKey(@Nullable String kid) {
try {
return Optional.of(new RSAKeyGenerator(2048)
.algorithm(RS256)
.keyUse(SIGNATURE) // indicate the intended use of the key
.keyID(kid != null ? kid : generateKid()) // give the key a unique ID
.generate()
.toJSONString());
} catch (JOSEException e) {
LOG.warn("unable to generate RS256 key", e);
return Optional.empty();
}
}
private String generateKid() {
return UUID.randomUUID().toString().replaceAll("-", "");
}
}
1 | Use jakarta.inject.Singleton to designate a class as a singleton. |
5.2. CLI Command
Micronaut CLI applications use Picocli.
Replace the contents of MicronautguideCommand
:
package example.micronaut;
import io.micronaut.configuration.picocli.PicocliRunner;
import jakarta.inject.Inject;
import picocli.CommandLine.Command;
import picocli.CommandLine.Option;
@Command(name = "keysgen",
description = "Generates a Json Web Key (JWT) with RS256 algorithm.",
mixinStandardHelpOptions = true) (1)
public class MicronautguideCommand implements Runnable {
@Option(names = {"-kid"}, (2)
required = false,
description = "Key ID. Parameter is used to match a specific key. If not specified a random Key ID is generated.")
private String kid;
@Inject
public JsonWebKeyGenerator jsonWebKeyGenerator; (3)
public static void main(String[] args) {
PicocliRunner.run(MicronautguideCommand.class, args);
}
public void run() {
jsonWebKeyGenerator.generateJsonWebKey(kid).ifPresent(this::printlnJsonWebKey);
}
private void printlnJsonWebKey(String jwk) {
System.out.println("JWK: " + jwk);
}
}
1 | Annotate with @Command and provide the command description. |
2 | Create an optional Picocli Option for the key identifier. |
3 | You can use dependency injection in your CLI application. |
Replace the contents of MicronautguideCommandTest
:
package example.micronaut;
import com.nimbusds.jose.jwk.JWK;
import io.micronaut.configuration.picocli.PicocliRunner;
import io.micronaut.context.ApplicationContext;
import io.micronaut.context.env.Environment;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertDoesNotThrow;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
class MicronautguideCommandTest {
@Test
void testGenerateJwk() {
final String jwkJsonRepresentation = executeCommand(MicronautguideCommand.class, new String[]{});
assertNotNull(jwkJsonRepresentation);
String prefix = "JWK: ";
assertNotEquals(jwkJsonRepresentation.indexOf(prefix), -1);
assertDoesNotThrow(() ->
JWK.parse(jwkJsonRepresentation.substring(jwkJsonRepresentation.indexOf(prefix) + prefix.length()))
);
}
private String executeCommand(Class commandClass, String[] args) { (1)
OutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
System.setOut(new PrintStream(baos));
try (ApplicationContext ctx = ApplicationContext.run(Environment.CLI, Environment.TEST)) {
PicocliRunner.run(commandClass, ctx, args);
}
return baos.toString();
}
}
1 | Annotate the class with @MicronautTest so the Micronaut framework will initialize the application context and the embedded server. More info. |
6. Testing the Application
To run the tests:
./mvnw test
7. Running the CLI App
Create an executable jar including all dependencies:
./mvnw package
Execute the CLI with the help
argument.
java -jar target/micronautguide-0.1.jar --help
12:14:47.355 [main] INFO i.m.context.env.DefaultEnvironment - Established active environments: [cli]
Usage: keysgen [-hV] [-kid=<kid>]
Generates a Json Web Key (JWT) with RS256 algorithm.
-h, --help Show this help message and exit.
-kid=<kid> Key ID. Parameter is used to match a specific key. If not
specified a random Key ID is generated.
-V, --version Print version information and exit.
8. Generate a Micronaut Application Native Executable with GraalVM
We will use GraalVM, the polyglot embeddable virtual machine, to generate a native executable of our Micronaut application.
Compiling native executables ahead of time with GraalVM improves startup time and reduces the memory footprint of JVM-based applications.
Only Java and Kotlin projects support using GraalVM’s native-image tool. Groovy relies heavily on reflection, which is only partially supported by GraalVM.
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8.1. GraalVM installation
sdk install java 21.0.5-graal
For installation on Windows, or for manual installation on Linux or Mac, see the GraalVM Getting Started documentation.
The previous command installs Oracle GraalVM, which is free to use in production and free to redistribute, at no cost, under the GraalVM Free Terms and Conditions.
Alternatively, you can use the GraalVM Community Edition:
sdk install java 21.0.2-graalce
8.2. Native executable generation
To generate a native executable using Maven, run:
./mvnw package -Dpackaging=native-image
The native executable is created in the target
directory and can be run with target/micronautguide
.
9. Next steps
Read Picocli documentation.
Explore more features with Micronaut Guides.
10. Help with the Micronaut Framework
The Micronaut Foundation sponsored the creation of this Guide. A variety of consulting and support services are available.
11. License
All guides are released with an Apache license 2.0 license for the code and a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license for the writing and media (images…). |